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GraphQL solves the problem of REST APIs returning too much or too little data. Instead of hitting multiple endpoints and filtering client-side, a GraphQL query describes exactly what data you want, in what shape, and the server returns precisely that. One request, one response, exactly the fields you asked for.
A .graphql file can contain schema definitions (the types and fields your API exposes), query documents (the data requests clients make), or both. The schema is a contract: it defines what's queryable, what types exist, and how they relate. Clients use the schema for autocompletion and validation before requests even leave the browser.
Facebook created GraphQL in 2012 and open-sourced it in 2015. GitHub, Shopify, and Stripe all offer GraphQL APIs. The ecosystem includes Apollo (client + server), Hasura (instant GraphQL on databases), and GraphiQL (an interactive query browser). VS Code with the GraphQL extension provides syntax highlighting and schema-aware autocompletion.