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A .gpg file is the output of GPG (GNU Privacy Guard) encryption or signing. It's a binary file containing data encrypted with one or more public keys, signed with a private key, or both. GPG implements the OpenPGP standard — the same encryption used for secure email, package signing, and file encryption across the open-source world.
The format is binary by default. When you run `gpg -c secret.txt` (symmetric encryption) or `gpg -e -r [email protected] secret.txt` (public key encryption), you get `secret.txt.gpg`. To decrypt: `gpg -d secret.txt.gpg`. Linux package managers (apt, rpm) use GPG signatures to verify package authenticity.
GPG is pre-installed on most Linux distributions. On Mac, install via Homebrew (`brew install gnupg`). On Windows, Gpg4win provides GPG with a GUI (Kleopatra). For encrypted email, Thunderbird has built-in OpenPGP support. The learning curve is real, but GPG remains the gold standard for open-source cryptography.