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X3D (Extensible 3D) is an ISO standard for representing interactive 3D graphics, the official successor to VRML97. Maintained by the Web3D Consortium, X3D was designed to bring 3D content to the web with the same kind of openness that HTML brought to documents — a noble goal that the web stubbornly resisted for two decades.
The format supports polygonal meshes, NURBS, particle systems, physics, geospatial coordinates, humanoid animation (H-Anim), and programmable shaders. It can be encoded in XML (.x3d), VRML-like classic encoding (.x3dv), or binary (.x3db). X3D scenes are composable — you can inline one scene into another, reference remote content via URLs, and script interactivity with JavaScript.
X3D never achieved mainstream web adoption — WebGL and later three.js, Babylon.js, and glTF filled that space instead. But X3D thrives in scientific visualisation, medical imaging, GIS, military simulation, and education where its ISO standard status and rich feature set matter more than browser support.