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VDI is Oracle VirtualBox's native disk image format. Like VMDK for VMware, a VDI file is a virtual hard drive that contains an entire filesystem — operating system, applications, and data. VirtualBox VMs boot from VDI files as if they were physical drives.
The format supports dynamic allocation (grows as data is written), fixed-size (pre-allocated for performance), and differencing disks (snapshots that store only changes from a parent disk). VDI files can be compacted to reclaim space from deleted data using `VBoxManage modifyhd --compact`.
VirtualBox reads VDI natively and can also use VMDK, VHD, and raw disk images. Converting between formats: `VBoxManage clonehd input.vdi output.vmdk --format VMDK` or use QEMU's qemu-img for more conversion options.