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Speex was the open-source speech codec before Opus made it obsolete. Developed by the Xiph.org Foundation (the same people behind Ogg Vorbis and FLAC), it was designed specifically for voice — VoIP calls, voice chat, audiobook recording — at bitrates from 2 to 44 kbps. It was good at its job and royalty-free, which made it popular in open-source VoIP projects.
The format officially reached end-of-life when the Xiph.org Foundation declared Opus as Speex's successor. Opus handles everything Speex did — speech at low bitrates — while also handling music at high bitrates. There's genuinely no technical reason to use Speex for new projects.
You'll encounter SPX files in older VoIP recordings, legacy audiobook archives, and open-source voice applications. VLC plays them. For archival, convert to Opus (direct successor, better quality) or MP3/AAC (universal compatibility). The Speex project's own website recommends using Opus instead.