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The .app "file" is macOS's greatest UI illusion. It's actually a directory containing the application binary, frameworks, resources (icons, images, localisation files), and metadata — but Finder displays it as a single clickable icon. Right-click any .app and select "Show Package Contents" to see the folder structure inside.
The standard structure is `MyApp.app/Contents/MacOS/` (the executable binary), `Contents/Resources/` (assets), `Contents/Frameworks/` (bundled libraries), and `Contents/Info.plist` (metadata). This bundle approach means macOS applications are self-contained — drag to Applications to install, drag to Trash to uninstall. No registry entries, no scattered files, no installer required.
Security-wise, macOS apps must be code-signed (developer certificate) and optionally notarized (Apple scans for malware) to run without security warnings. Gatekeeper blocks unsigned apps by default. If macOS says an app "can't be opened because it is from an unidentified developer," you can override in System Preferences → Security & Privacy, but only if you trust the source.